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Concurrent engineering is a work methodology based on the parallelization of tasks (i.e. performing tasks concurrently). It refers to an approach used in product development in which functions of design engineering, manufacturing engineering and other functions are integrated to reduce the elapsed time required to bring a new product to the market. ==Introduction== A publication in 2008 described the concurrent engineering method as a relatively new design management system that has had the opportunity to mature in recent years to become a well-defined systems approach towards optimizing engineering design cycles.〔Ma, Y., Chen, G. & Thimm, G.; "Paradigm Shift: Unified and Associative Feature-based Concurrent Engineering and Collaborative Engineering", ''Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing'', DOI 10.1007/s10845-008-0128-y〕 Because of this, concurrent engineering has been implemented in a number of companies, organizations and universities, most notably in the aerospace industry. Beginning in the early 1990s, CE was also adapted for use in the information and content automation field, providing a basis for organization and management of projects outside the physical product development sector for which it was originally designed. The basic premise for concurrent engineering revolves around two concepts. The first is the idea that all elements of a product’s life-cycle, from functionality, producibility, assembly, testability, maintenance issues, environmental impact and finally disposal and recycling, should be taken into careful consideration in the early design phases.〔Kusiak, Andrew; ''Concurrent Engineering: Automation, Tools and Techniques''〕 The second concept is that the preceding design activities should all be occurring at the same time, i.e., concurrently. The idea is that the concurrent nature of these processes significantly increases productivity and product quality.〔Quan, W. & Jianmin, H., ''A Study on Collaborative Mechanism for Product Design in Distributed Concurrent Engineering'' IEEE 2006. DOI: 10.1109/CAIDCD.2006.329445〕 This way, errors and redesigns can be discovered early in the design process when the project is still flexible. By locating and fixing these issues early, the design team can avoid what often become costly errors as the project moves to more complicated computational models and eventually into the actual manufacturing of hardware.〔Kusiak, Andrew, ''Concurrent Engineering: Automation, Tools and Techniques''〕 As mentioned above, part of the design process is to ensure that the entire product's life cycle is taken into consideration. This includes establishing user requirements, propagating early conceptual designs, running computational models, creating physical prototypes and eventually manufacturing the product. Included in the process is taking into full account funding, work force capability and time. A study in 2006 claimed that a correct implementation of the concurrent design process can save a significant amount of money, and that organizations have been moving to concurrent design for this reason.〔 It is also highly compatible with systems thinking and green engineering. Concurrent engineering replaces the more traditional sequential design flow, or ‘Waterfall Model’.〔“The standard waterfall model for systems development”, (NASA Webpage ), November 14, 2008〕〔Kock, N. and Nosek, J., “Expanding the Boundaries of E-Collaboration”, ''IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication'', Vol 48 No 1, March 2005.〕 In concurrent engineering an iterative or integrated development method is used instead.〔Ma, Y., Chen, G., Thimm, G., "Paradigm Shift: Unified and Associative Feature-based Concurrent Engineering and Collaborative Engineering", ''Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing'', DOI 10.1007/s10845-008-0128-y〕 The difference between these two methods is that the ‘Waterfall’ method moves in a linear fashion by starting with user requirements and sequentially moving forward to design, implementation and additional steps until you have a finished product. In this design system, a design team would not look backwards or forwards from the step it is on to fix possible problems. In the case that something does go wrong, the design usually must be scrapped or heavily altered. On the other hand, the iterative design process is more cyclic in that, all aspects of the life cycle of the product are taken into account, allowing for a more evolutionary approach to design.〔Royce, Winston, "Managing the Development of Large Software Systems", ''Proceedings of IEEE WESCON'' 26 (August 1970): 1-9.〕 The difference between the two design processes can be seen graphically in Figure 1. A significant part of the concurrent design method is that the individual engineer is given much more say in the overall design process due to the collaborative nature of concurrent engineering. Giving the designer ownership is claimed to improve the productivity of the employee and quality of the product that is being produced, based on the assumption that people who are given a sense of gratification and ownership over their work tend to work harder and design a more robust product, as opposed to an employee that is assigned a task with little say in the general process.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「concurrent engineering」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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